Trgovina EU snažno je porasla u 2022. godini. Najveći trgovinski deficit ikada zabeležen. Na EU otpada oko 14% svetske trgovine robom. Veća trgovina na unutrašnjem tržištu EU nego sa zemljama van EU.
U 2022. godini trgovina EU snažno je porasla. Trgovinski bilans je iznosio -432 milijarde evra, što je najveći deficit ikada zabeležen (najveći od svetske finansijske krize 2008. godine). Deficit je uglavnom nastao kao posledica naglog skoka cena energije (uvoz energenata poskupeo krajem 2021. i tokom 2022.). U 2020. zbog pandemije COVID-19 značajano je opao izvoz (9,3%) i uvoz (11,5%). Međutim, u narednim godinama usledoi je snažan oporavak (uvoz robe porastao za 23,8% i 41,3%, a izvoz robe 12,8% i 17,9%).
U 2022. godini velika većina zemalja EU trgovala je više na unutrašnjem tržištu EU nego sa zemljama van EU. Najveći udeo robne razmene unutar EU zabeležen je u Luksemburgu (86,3%), Slovačkoj (78,5%) i Češkoj (76,8%), a najniži u Grčkoj (47,3%) i Irskoj (37,5%). Interesantno je da trgovinu unutar EU vuku manje razvijenije zemlje članice. Najveći porast izvoza registrovan je u Grčkoj (40%), Litvaniji (38%) i Bugarskoj (36%), a najveća povećanja uvoza su registrovana za Letoniju (45%), Estoniju (35%) i Hrvatsku (35%).
Na EU otpada oko 14% svetske trgovine robom u 2022. godini. Vrednost međunarodne trgovine robom značajno je veća od vrednosti usluga (oko tri puta). Najveći izvozvni partner EU su SAD, a uvozni Kina. Među državama članicama EU, Nemačka je imala daleko najveći udeo u trgovini van EU (28% izvoza, 20% uvoza). Sledeća tri najveća trgovca bili su Italija (11% izvoza, 11% uvoza), Holandija (10% izvoza, 18% uvoza) i Francuska (10% izvoza, 10% uvoza).
Iako su glavni trgovinski partneri na stani izvoza SAD, UK, Kina, Švajcarska, Turska, Japan i Norveška (čine oko 58% ukupnog izvoza robe iz EU), u 2022. godini najveći izvoz ostvaren je u Meksiko (2,8%), SAD (2,5%), Brazil (2,4%) i Tursku (2,3%), a uvoz iz Norveške (8,0%), SAD (4,4%) i Brazila (4,3%). Trgovina sa Rusijom je opala jer su uvedena trgovinska ograničenja.
Veliki trgovinski suficit postoji u trgovini van EU, i to kod mašina i vozila (126,6 mlrd EUR), i hemikalija (190,3 mlrd EUR). Energija je u 2022. beležila najveći rast u trgovini, i to na strani izvoza 72,1% i na strani uvoza 113,6%. Otuda i veliki trgovinski deficiti za energiju (653,9 mlrd EUR), sirovine (49,1 mlrd EUR) i ostale industrijske proizvode (90,8 mlrd EUR).
Asortiman trgovinske razmene blago promenjen u 2022. Ukupan nivo uvoza bio 17% veći od nivoa izvoza (udeo uvoza energije bio skoro četiri puta veći od zvoza). Izvozni asortiman se nije značajno promenio – energija je povećala udeo za 2 pp, dok su mašine i vozila smanjele udeo za 1,4 pp. Slično je sa strukturom uvoza – energija je značajno povećala udeo za 9,4 pp, dok je opao udeo mašina i vozila za 4,2 pp i ostalih industrijskih dobara za 2,7 pp. Učešće ostalih proizvoda poraslo je za manje od 1 pp.
Izvor: Eurostat
Napomena: vrednosti na y-osi izražene su u mlrd EUR
EU trade grew strongly in 2022. The highest trade deficit ever recorded. The EU accounts for about 14% of world trade in goods. The highest part of trade goods was realized within the internal market of the EU rather than with countries outside the EU.
In 2022, EU trade grew strongly. The trade balance was -432 billion euros, the highest deficit ever recorded (the largest since the global financial crisis in 2008). The deficit mainly arose as a result of a sharp jump in the prices of energy products (imports of energy products became more expensive at the end of 2021 and during 2022). In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, exports (9.3%) and imports (11.5%) were significantly reduced. However, a strong recovery followed in the following years (import of goods increased by 23.8% and 41.3%, and export of goods by 12.8% and 17.9%).
In 2022, the majority of EU countries traded more in the EU internal market than with countries outside the EU. The highest share of goods exchange within the EU was recorded in Luxembourg (86.3%), Slovakia (78.5%) and the Czech Republic (76.8%), and the lowest in Greece (47.3%) and Ireland (37.5%). Interestingly, trade within the EU is driven by less developed member countries. The highest growth in exports was recorded by Greece (40%), Lithuania (38%) and Bulgaria (36%), and the highest growth in imports was recorded in Latvia (45%), Estonia (35%) and Croatia (35%).
The EU accounts for about 14% of world trade in goods in 2022. The value of international trade in goods is significantly higher than the value of services (around three times). The EU’s largest export partner is the USA, and its import partner is China. Among EU member states, Germany had by far the largest share of trade outside the EU (28% of exports, 20% of imports). The next three largest traders were Italy (11% exports, 11% imports), the Netherlands (10% exports, 18% imports) and France (10% exports, 10% imports).
Although the main trading partners in terms of exports are the USA, the UK, China, Switzerland, Turkey, Japan, and Norway (they account for about 58% of the total export of goods from the EU), in 2022 the highest export was to Mexico (2.8%). USA (2.5%), Brazil (2.4%) and Turkey (2.3%), and imports from Norway (8.0%), USA (4.4%) and Brazil (4.3%). Trade with Russia declined as trade restrictions were imposed.
There is a large trade surplus outside the EU, namely in machinery and vehicles (126.6 billion euros) and chemicals (190.3 billion euros). In 2022, energy recorded the highest growth in trade on the export side at 72.1% and the import side at 113.6%. Hence, high trade deficits for energy (653.9 billion euros), raw materials (49.1 billion euros), and other industrial products (90.8 billion euros).
The volume of trade exchange changed slightly in 2022. The total level of imports was 17% higher than the level of exports (the share of energy imports was almost four times higher than exports). The export assortment did not change significantly – energy increased its share by 2 pp, while machinery and vehicles decreased its share by 1.4 pp. The structure of imports is similar – the share of energy has significantly increased by 9.4 pp, while the share of exports has decreased. Machines and vehicles decreased by 1.4 pp by 4.2 pp, and other industrial goods by 2.7 pp. The share of other products increased by less than 1 pp.
Source: Eurostat
Note: values on the y-axis are expressed in EUR billion