Preduzetništvo je u fokusu srpske ekonomije poslednjih par godina ali rezultati na svetskim rang listama ne idu nam u prilog. Dok je Srbija po GEI indeksu 74 u svetu, od 137 ekonomija, odnosno 34 u Evropi od 38 ekonomija, prema izvorima Svetskog ekonomskog foruma Srbija je rangirana po indeksu preduzetništva na 58 mestu od 80 ekonomija.
Sa aspekta svetske ekonomije prema brojnim rang listama ekonomija preduzetništo u Srbiji značajno zaostaje za razvijenim ekonomijama. Dok je u Srbiji glavni fokus poslednjih godina na rešavanju gorućeg problema nezaposlenosti, dotle se budućnost preduzetništva u razvijenim ekonomijama posmatra s kontekta naprednih tehnologija, upravljanja inovacijama, prenošenju znanja i novim poslovnim modelima (otvorenost, kanali ponude i trasnport, IV industrijska revolucija).
Na GEI* listi 137 ekonomija u kojima se meri kvalitet i nivo preduzetništva, Srbija zauzima 74 pozicijiu u svetu, s indeksom od svega 26,4%. Posebno se ističu veštine koje poseduju pojedinici za započinjanje biznisa posebno u tercijarnom sektoru, dok je manjkavost u spremnosti za prihvatanje rizika pojedinaca kod započinjanja biznisa. Posmatrano na evropskom kontinentu, Srbija je na nepopularnom 34 mestu, od 38 ekonomija. Iza Srbije su Rusija, Albanija, Moldavija i Bosna i Hercegovina, redom posmatrane. Od zemalja iz okruženja Slovenija dominira sa indeksom od 54% na 25 poziciji u svetu, dok su ostale ekonomije za par procentnih poena po indeksu iznad Srbije (Rumunija 38%, Mađarska, 36%, Hrvatska 34%, Crna Gora 31%, Makedonija 29% i Bugarska 28%).
Na polju preduzetništva napredak u odnosu na prethodnu godinu ostvarili su Azisko-pacifički region (ljudski kapital, inovacije, visok rast; i dominacijom Australije), odmah iza je Evropa (veštine, tehnologija, inovacije, otvorenost; i dominacijom Švajcarske), Bliski istok i severna Afrika (ljudski kapital, inovacije, poslovne mreže, rast; i dominacijom Izraela), zatim Severna Amerika (ljudski kapital, podrška novim preduzećima, inovacije, otvorenost, percepcije poslovnih prilika; i dominacijom SAD), Centralna i južna Amerika (inovacije, poslovne mreže, veštine; i dominacijom Čilea) i Subsaharska Afrika (podrška, veštine, inovacije; i dominacijom Bocvane).
Prema izvorima SEF** preduzetništvo u Srbiji nije bazirano na ključim elementima preduzetničkog sistema. Jedino čime Srbija raspolaže, po pitanju preduzetništva jesu obrazovana populacija, veštine radnika i otvorenost prema svetu. Stoga, indeks preduzetništva je na rangu od svega 0.4 (od mogućih 10) i Srbija je po ovom podindeksu 58 od 80 ekonomija.
Ograničenja za unapređenje preduzetništva u Srbiji nalazimo u nedovoljnom rastu privredne aktivnosti, nepovoljnom asortimanu proizvoda iz izvoza (po tehnološkoj intenzivnosti posmatrano), niskom nivou investicija (fiksne investicije svega 18% BDP-a), nedovoljnim izdvajanjima za nauku (manje od 5% BDP-a), odsustvom adekvatne regulative po pitanju intelektualne svojine (inovacije, patenti) i odlivom visoko-obrazovnog kadra. Značaj preduzetništva je veoma veliki i potreban je ozbiljan straterški pristup. Preduzetništvo predstavlja glavni pokretač ekonomije i privrednog rasta, i kao takvog odlikuju ga efikasnost, mobilnost radne snage, kreiranje novih radnih mesta, inovacije, transfer znanja i tehnologije, porast dohotka, promovisanje dodate vrednosti, slabljenje monopola. Unapređenje preduzetništva u jednoj ekonomiji podrazumeva dugoročan proces unapređenja sistema preduzetništva, koga čini ne samo poslovanje, već i okruženje, infrastruktura, radna snaga (obrazovannje, veštine), otvorenost i povezanost, poslovna praksa, pristup kapitalu i regulativa.
Izvor: GEI 2018
Napomena: * GEI – Globalni indeks preduzetništva američkog Instituta za globalno preduzetništvo i razvoj; ** Svetski ekonomski forum koristi indeks Wharton univerziteta i istraživačke kompanije Y&R;, na uzorku 80 ekonomija koje čine 95% svetskog BDP-a.
Entrepreneurship has been in the focus of the Serbian economy in recent years, but the results on global rankings are not in its favor. While Serbia ranks 74th out of 137 economies worldwide according to the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) and 34th out of 38 in Europe, according to the World Economic Forum sources Serbia is ranked 58th out of 80 economies by the entrepreneurship index.
From the perspective of the global economy and various international rankings, entrepreneurship in Serbia significantly lags behind developed economies. While Serbia has primarily focused on addressing the pressing issue of unemployment in recent years, the future of entrepreneurship in advanced economies is viewed through the lens of advanced technologies, innovation management, knowledge transfer, and new business models (openness, supply and transport channels, the Fourth Industrial Revolution).
On the GEI list of 137 economies measuring the quality and level of entrepreneurship, Serbia ranks 74th in the world with an index of only 26.4%. Individual skills for starting a business—especially in the tertiary sector—stand out as a strength, while a key weakness is the low willingness of individuals to take risks when launching a business. In Europe, Serbia holds an unfavorable 34th position out of 38 economies, ahead only of Russia, Albania, Moldova, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Among neighboring countries, Slovenia dominates with an index of 54% (25th in the world), while other economies score several percentage points above Serbia (Romania 38%, Hungary 36%, Croatia 34%, Montenegro 31%, North Macedonia 29%, and Bulgaria 28%).
In terms of entrepreneurship progress compared to the previous year, the Asia-Pacific region leads (human capital, innovation, high growth; dominated by Australia), followed by Europe (skills, technology, innovation, openness; dominated by Switzerland), the Middle East and North Africa (human capital, innovation, business networks, growth; dominated by Israel), North America (human capital, support for new firms, innovation, openness, perception of business opportunities; dominated by the USA), Central and South America (innovation, business networks, skills; dominated by Chile), and Sub-Saharan Africa (support, skills, innovation; dominated by Botswana).
According to the World Economic Forum, entrepreneurship in Serbia is not based on the key elements of a developed entrepreneurial system. The only strong points are an educated population, workforce skills, and openness to the world. Therefore, the entrepreneurship subindex stands at only 0.4 (out of 10), placing Serbia 58th out of 80 economies.
Constraints on improving entrepreneurship in Serbia include insufficient economic growth, an unfavorable export structure in terms of technological intensity, a low level of investment (gross fixed investment only 18% of GDP), insufficient spending on science (less than 5% of GDP), the absence of adequate intellectual property regulation (innovation, patents), and the outflow of highly educated labor. The importance of entrepreneurship is extremely high and requires a serious strategic approach. Entrepreneurship is the main driver of economic activity and growth, characterized by efficiency, labor mobility, job creation, innovation, knowledge and technology transfer, income growth, value added creation, and the weakening of monopolies. Improving entrepreneurship implies a long-term process of strengthening the entire entrepreneurial system, which includes not only business activity but also the environment, infrastructure, human capital (education and skills), openness and connectivity, business practices, access to capital, and regulation.
Source: GEI 2018
Note: GEI – Global Entrepreneurship Index (Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute); the World Economic Forum uses the Wharton/Y&R entrepreneurship index based on a sample of 80 economies accounting for 95% of global GDP.